Abstract: The electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) is a complex logistical challenge that requires optimizing both route planning and charging decisions. Although ant colony optimization (ACO) has ...

Abstract: This work reports the practical implementation of ant colony optimized (ACO) extended Kalman filter (EKF) for state of charge (SoC) estimation of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The scheme is ...

This repository implements several swarm optimization algorithms and visualizes them. Implemented algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Cuckoo Search (CS), Ant Colony ...

Ant colonies run like living bodies. Queens produce offspring. Workers clean, feed, and defend. And brood develop quietly in the nursery. When disease slips in, the whole “superorganism” is at risk.