Abstract: Car manufacturers are required by the European Union to carry out real driving emissions tests as part of the type approval process. Comprehensive regulations define numerous requirements ...

Probability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics that deals with the likelihood of events occurring. It provides a framework for quantifying uncertainty and making predictions based ...

Abstract: Dynamic Uncertain Causality Graph (DUCG) is a recently developed model for fault diagnoses of industrial systems and general clinical diagnoses. In some cases, however, when state-unknown ...

Life is uncertain. None of us know what is going to happen. We know little of what has happened in the past or is happening now outside our immediate experience. Uncertainty has been called the ...

A lender might issue a conditional mortgage approval if there are some hurdles you still need to clear before you can get a mortgage. The conditions you need to meet before proceeding to full approval ...

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Somer G. Anderson is CPA, doctor of accounting, and an accounting and finance professor who has been working in ...

What is meant by joint probability? Joint probability, in probability theory, refers to the probability of two events occurring together. The formula for estimating joint probability is as follows:- ...

Conditional formatting highlights key information in a spreadsheet so it’s easy to see at a glance. This beginner’s guide gets you started. Spreadsheets usually hold a wealth of information, but it ...